Lexical Bundles in Students' Argumentative Essays: A Study of Learner Corpus
Keywords:
argumentative essay, corpus linguistics, learner corpus, lexical bundles
Abstract
This study investigates the structures of 3- to 5-word bundles used by EFL learners at the university level in writing argumentative essays. This qualitative corpus-based study focuses on answering the structural category and frequency of lexical bundles in students’ essays. The data of this study are sentences containing lexical bundles in the students’ essays, and the data were collected from students' essays compiled as a learner corpus. The lexical bundles were identified from the corpus with the assistance of a corpus tool, LancsBox, using the n-gram feature. This study used ten occurrences as the cutoff frequency and Gries’ DP as the dispersion threshold to identify the lexical bundles. The bundles were then classified into structural taxonomies, and the frequency of use of the lexical bundles was also investigated to complete the analysis. Academic Formulas List comprising bundles commonly used in the academic context was used to validate the bundles. The results show enormous structures of NP-based, VP-based, PP-based, and others identified in the learner corpus with NP-based bundles as the most frequent bundles and ‘the use of’ as the most frequent individual bundle. However, the variants of the bundles in the learner corpus are still dominated by fixed frames. In addition, apart from the shared bundles between the corpus and Academic Formulas List, there are some discrepancies related to the registers. It indicates that writing courses and writing materials should provide learners with more variants of lexical bundles and the appropriate context of use.References
Ädel, A., & Erman, B. (2012). Recurrent word combinations in academic writing by native and non-native speakers of English: A lexical bundles approach. English for Specific Purposes, 31(2), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2011.08.004
Biber, D. (2006). University language: A corpus-based study of spoken and written registers. J. Benjamins.
Biber, D., & Barbieri, F. (2007). Lexical bundles in university spoken and written registers. English for Specific Purposes, 26(3), 263–286.
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (1999). Lexical bundles in conversation and academic prose. In H. Hasselgard & S. Oksefjell (Eds.), Out of corpora: Studies in honour of Stig Johansson (pp. 181–190). Rodopi.
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2009). Register, genre, and style. Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Cortes, V. (2003). Lexical bundles in speech and writing: An initial taxonomy. In A. Wilson, G. Leech, P. Rayson, & T. McEnery (Eds.), Corpus linguistics by the Lune: A festschrift for Geoffrey Leech (pp. 71–93). Peter Lang.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Cortes, V. (2004). If you look at ...: Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks. Applied Linguistics, 25(3), 371–405.
Biber, D., & Egbert, J. (2018). Register Variation Online (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316388228
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Longman.
Biber, D., Reppen, R., Schnur, E., & Ghanem, R. (2016). On the (non)utility of Juilland’s D to measure lexical dispersion in large corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 21(4), 439–464.
Brezina, V., Timperley, M., & McEnery, T. (2018). #LancsBox (v.4.x.) [Computer software]. http://corpora.lancs.ac.uk/lancsbox.
Burch, B., Egbert, J., & Biber, D. (2017). Measuring and interpreting lexical dispersion in corpus linguistics. Journal of Research Design and Statistics in Linguistics and Communication Science, 3(2), 189–216.
Byrd, P., & Coxhead, A. (2010). On the other hand: Lexical bundles in academic writing and in the teaching of EAP. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 5.
Chen, Y.-H., & Baker, P. (2010). Lexical bundles in L1 and L2 academic writing. Language Learning & Technology, 14(2), 30–49.
Chen, Y.-H., & Baker, P. (2014). Investigating criterial discourse features across second language development: Lexical bundles in rated learner essays, CEFR B1, B2 and C1. Applied Linguistics, 37(6), 849–880.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. The MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (2015). Aspects of the theory of syntax (50th Anniversary Edition). The MIT Press.
Collins, P. (2014). Quasi-modals and modals in Australian English fiction 1800-1999, with comparisons across British and American English. Journal of English Linguistics, 42(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424213512857
Collins, P. C. (2009). Modals and quasi-modals in English. Rodopi.
Cortes, V. (2013). The purpose of this study is to: Connecting lexical bundles and moves in research article introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2012.11.002
Cortes, V., Jones, J., & Stoller, F. (2002). Lexical bundles in ESP reading & writing. TESOL Conference.
Crossley, S. A., Salsbury, T., & Mcnamara, D. S. (2014). Assessing lexical proficiency using analytic ratings: A case for collocation accuracy. Applied Linguistics, amt056. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amt056
Csomay, E. (2013). Lexical bundles in discourse structure: A corpus-based study of classroom discourse. Applied Linguistics, 34(3), 369–388.
Cutler, S. F. (2021). Path to formulaicity: How do L2 speakers internalise new formulaic material? In A. Trklja & Å. Grabowski (Eds.), Formulaic language: Theories and methods (pp. 81–112). Language Science Press.
Durrant, P. (2017). Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation in university students’ writing: Mapping the territories. Applied Linguistics, 38(2), 165–193.
Erman, B., & Warren, B. (2000). The idiom principle and the open choice principle. Text - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 20(1).
Fajri, M. S. A., Kirana, A. W., & Putri, C. I. K. (2020). Lexical bundles of L1 and L2 English professional scholars: A contrastive corpus-driven study on applied linguistics research articles. Journal of Language and Education, 6(4), 76–89.
Fitrianasari, N. I., Sulistyorini, T., & Sugiarti, T. R. (2018). Lexical bundles in academic writing by undergraduate and graduate students of English Language Education Program. Loquen: English Studies Journal, 11(02), 1.
Flowerdew, L. (2012). Corpora and language education. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230355569
Flowerdew, L. (2014). Learner corpus research in EAP: Some key issues and future pathways. ì˜ì–´í•™ì—°êµ¬, 20(2), 43–60.
Granger, S. (1998). The computer learner corpus: A versatile new source of data for SLA. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learner English on computer. Longman.
Granger, S. (2008). Learner corpora. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.), Corpus linguistics: An international handbook volume I (pp. 259–274). Walter de Gruyter.
Granger, S. (2018). Formulaic sequences 1 in learner corpora. In A. Siyanova-Chanturia & A. Pellicer-Sánchez (Eds.), Understanding Formulaic Language (1st ed., pp. 228–247). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315206615-13
Gray, B., & Biber, D. (2015). Phraseology. In The Cambridge handbook of English corpus linguistics (pp. 125–145). Cambridge University Press.
Gries, S. Th. (2008). Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(4), 403–437.
Groom, N. (2009). Immersion on second language collocational development. In A. Barfield & H. Gyllstad (Eds.), Researching collocations in another language: Multiple interpretations (pp. 21–33). Palgrave Macmillan.
Hewings, M. (2010). Materials for university essay writing. In N. Harwood (Ed.), English language teaching materials. Cambridge University Press.
Hye-Kyung Lee. (2020). Lexical bundles in linguistics textbooks. 언어연구, 37(1), 121–145. https://doi.org/10.17250/KHISLI.37.1.202003.005
Hye-Kyung Lee, & Hyeon-Okh Kim. (2017). Features of lexical bundles in academic writing by non-native vis-à -vie native speakers of English. ì˜ì–´í•™ì—°êµ¬, 23(2), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.17960/ELL.2017.23.2.003
Hyland, K. (2008). As can be seen: Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation. English for Specific Purposes, 27(1), 4–21.
Hyland, K. (2012). Bundles in academic discourse. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000037
Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (Kevin). (2018). Academic lexical bundles: How are they changing? International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 23(4), 383–407.
Jackson, H., & Stockwell, P. (2011). An introduction to the nature and functions of language. Continuum.
Jalali, Z. S., & Moini, M. R. (2014). Structure of lexical bundles in introduction section of medical research articles. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 719–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.473
Kaur, A., Singh, S., & Ang, L. H. (2019). Lexical bundles in selected children’s fiction: A corpus-based analysis. Journal of Creative Practices in Language Learning and Teaching, 7(2), 12–28.
Kremmel, B., Brunfaut, T., & Alderson, J. C. (2015). Exploring the role of phraseological knowledge in foreign language reading. Applied Linguistics, amv070. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amv070
Kwary, D. A., Ratri, D., & Artha, A. F. (2017). Lexical bundles in journal articles across academic disciplines. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1).
Lou, X. (2012). Structural analysis of lexical bundles in EFL English majors’ theses of an ordinary normal university in China. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 1(6), 142–153.
Mei, W. S. (2006). Creating a contrastive rhetorical stance: Investigating the strategy of problematization in students’ argumentation. RELC Journal, 37(3), 329–353.
Meunier, F. (2012). Formulaic language and language teaching. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000128
Nasrabady, P., Elahi Shirvan, M., & Ehsan Golparvar, S. (2020). Exploring lexical bundles in recent published papers in the field of applied linguistics. Journal of World Languages, 6(3), 175–197.
Navarro Gil, N., & MartÃnez Caro, E. (2019). Lexical bundles in learner and expert academic writing. Bellaterra Journal of Teaching & Learning Language & Literature, 12(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/jtl3.794
Oktavianti, I. N., & Adnan, A. (2020). A corpus study of verbs in opinion articles of The Jakarta Post and the relation with text characteristics. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 3(2), 108.
Oktavianti, I. N., & Ardianti, N. R. (2019). A corpus-based analysis of verbs in news section of The Jakarta Post: How frequency is related to text characteristics. JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics & Literature), 4(2), 203–214.
Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2014). Longman academic writing series: Essays. Pearson Education.
Pan, F., Reppen, R., & Biber, D. (2016). Comparing patterns of L1 versus L2 English academic professionals: Lexical bundles in Telecommunications research journals. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 21, 60–71.
Paquot, M., & Granger, S. (2012). Formulaic language in learner corpora. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 130–149.
Parkinson, J., & Musgrave, J. (2014). Development of noun phrase complexity in the writing of English for Academic Purposes students. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 14, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2013.12.001
Samodra, M. C., & Pratiwi, V. D. R. (2018). Lexical bundles in Indonesian and English undergraduate thesis abstracts. Proceedings of the Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018). Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018), Surakarta, Indonesia.
Shin, Y. K. (2018). Lexical bundles in argumentative essays by native and nonnative English-speaking novice academic writers [Ph.D. Dissertation]. Georgia State University.
Simpson-Vlach, R., & Ellis, N. C. (2010). An Academic Formulas List: New methods in phraseology research. Applied Linguistics, 31(4), 487–512.
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford University Press.
Staples, S., Egbert, J., Biber, D., & McClair, A. (2013). Formulaic sequences and EAP writing development: Lexical bundles in the TOEFL iBT writing section. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12(3), 214–225.
Szudarski, P. (2017). Corpus linguistics for vocabulary: A guide for research (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315107769
Ulfa, N., & Muthalib, K. A. (2020). Lexical bundles in students’ essay writing. English Education Journal, 11(3), 367–379.
Wachidah, W. D. N. A., Fitriati, S. W., & Widhiyanto, W. (2020). Structures and functions of lexical bundles in findings and discussion sections of graduate students’ thesis. English Education Journal, 10(2), 131–142.
Wingate, U. (2012). ‘Argument!’ helping students understand what essay writing is about. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 11(2), 145–154.
Wood, D. (2015). Fundamentals of formulaic language: An introduction. Bloomsbury Academic.
Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic language and the lexicon. Cambridge University Press.
Wray, A., & Perkins, M. R. (2000). The functions of formulaic language: An integrated model. Language & Communication, 20(1), 1–28.
Wright, H. R. (2019). Lexical bundles in stand-alone literature reviews: Sections, frequencies, and functions. English for Specific Purposes, 54, 1–14.
Yang, Y. (2017). Lexical bundles in argumentative and narrative writings by Chinese EFL learners. International Journal of English Linguistics, 7(3), 58.
Zipf, G. (1949). Human behaviour and the principle of least effort. Addison-Wesley Press, Inc.
Biber, D. (2006). University language: A corpus-based study of spoken and written registers. J. Benjamins.
Biber, D., & Barbieri, F. (2007). Lexical bundles in university spoken and written registers. English for Specific Purposes, 26(3), 263–286.
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (1999). Lexical bundles in conversation and academic prose. In H. Hasselgard & S. Oksefjell (Eds.), Out of corpora: Studies in honour of Stig Johansson (pp. 181–190). Rodopi.
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2009). Register, genre, and style. Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Cortes, V. (2003). Lexical bundles in speech and writing: An initial taxonomy. In A. Wilson, G. Leech, P. Rayson, & T. McEnery (Eds.), Corpus linguistics by the Lune: A festschrift for Geoffrey Leech (pp. 71–93). Peter Lang.
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Cortes, V. (2004). If you look at ...: Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks. Applied Linguistics, 25(3), 371–405.
Biber, D., & Egbert, J. (2018). Register Variation Online (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316388228
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Longman.
Biber, D., Reppen, R., Schnur, E., & Ghanem, R. (2016). On the (non)utility of Juilland’s D to measure lexical dispersion in large corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 21(4), 439–464.
Brezina, V., Timperley, M., & McEnery, T. (2018). #LancsBox (v.4.x.) [Computer software]. http://corpora.lancs.ac.uk/lancsbox.
Burch, B., Egbert, J., & Biber, D. (2017). Measuring and interpreting lexical dispersion in corpus linguistics. Journal of Research Design and Statistics in Linguistics and Communication Science, 3(2), 189–216.
Byrd, P., & Coxhead, A. (2010). On the other hand: Lexical bundles in academic writing and in the teaching of EAP. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 5.
Chen, Y.-H., & Baker, P. (2010). Lexical bundles in L1 and L2 academic writing. Language Learning & Technology, 14(2), 30–49.
Chen, Y.-H., & Baker, P. (2014). Investigating criterial discourse features across second language development: Lexical bundles in rated learner essays, CEFR B1, B2 and C1. Applied Linguistics, 37(6), 849–880.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. The MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (2015). Aspects of the theory of syntax (50th Anniversary Edition). The MIT Press.
Collins, P. (2014). Quasi-modals and modals in Australian English fiction 1800-1999, with comparisons across British and American English. Journal of English Linguistics, 42(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424213512857
Collins, P. C. (2009). Modals and quasi-modals in English. Rodopi.
Cortes, V. (2013). The purpose of this study is to: Connecting lexical bundles and moves in research article introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2012.11.002
Cortes, V., Jones, J., & Stoller, F. (2002). Lexical bundles in ESP reading & writing. TESOL Conference.
Crossley, S. A., Salsbury, T., & Mcnamara, D. S. (2014). Assessing lexical proficiency using analytic ratings: A case for collocation accuracy. Applied Linguistics, amt056. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amt056
Csomay, E. (2013). Lexical bundles in discourse structure: A corpus-based study of classroom discourse. Applied Linguistics, 34(3), 369–388.
Cutler, S. F. (2021). Path to formulaicity: How do L2 speakers internalise new formulaic material? In A. Trklja & Å. Grabowski (Eds.), Formulaic language: Theories and methods (pp. 81–112). Language Science Press.
Durrant, P. (2017). Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation in university students’ writing: Mapping the territories. Applied Linguistics, 38(2), 165–193.
Erman, B., & Warren, B. (2000). The idiom principle and the open choice principle. Text - Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 20(1).
Fajri, M. S. A., Kirana, A. W., & Putri, C. I. K. (2020). Lexical bundles of L1 and L2 English professional scholars: A contrastive corpus-driven study on applied linguistics research articles. Journal of Language and Education, 6(4), 76–89.
Fitrianasari, N. I., Sulistyorini, T., & Sugiarti, T. R. (2018). Lexical bundles in academic writing by undergraduate and graduate students of English Language Education Program. Loquen: English Studies Journal, 11(02), 1.
Flowerdew, L. (2012). Corpora and language education. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230355569
Flowerdew, L. (2014). Learner corpus research in EAP: Some key issues and future pathways. ì˜ì–´í•™ì—°êµ¬, 20(2), 43–60.
Granger, S. (1998). The computer learner corpus: A versatile new source of data for SLA. In S. Granger (Ed.), Learner English on computer. Longman.
Granger, S. (2008). Learner corpora. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.), Corpus linguistics: An international handbook volume I (pp. 259–274). Walter de Gruyter.
Granger, S. (2018). Formulaic sequences 1 in learner corpora. In A. Siyanova-Chanturia & A. Pellicer-Sánchez (Eds.), Understanding Formulaic Language (1st ed., pp. 228–247). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315206615-13
Gray, B., & Biber, D. (2015). Phraseology. In The Cambridge handbook of English corpus linguistics (pp. 125–145). Cambridge University Press.
Gries, S. Th. (2008). Dispersions and adjusted frequencies in corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(4), 403–437.
Groom, N. (2009). Immersion on second language collocational development. In A. Barfield & H. Gyllstad (Eds.), Researching collocations in another language: Multiple interpretations (pp. 21–33). Palgrave Macmillan.
Hewings, M. (2010). Materials for university essay writing. In N. Harwood (Ed.), English language teaching materials. Cambridge University Press.
Hye-Kyung Lee. (2020). Lexical bundles in linguistics textbooks. 언어연구, 37(1), 121–145. https://doi.org/10.17250/KHISLI.37.1.202003.005
Hye-Kyung Lee, & Hyeon-Okh Kim. (2017). Features of lexical bundles in academic writing by non-native vis-à -vie native speakers of English. ì˜ì–´í•™ì—°êµ¬, 23(2), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.17960/ELL.2017.23.2.003
Hyland, K. (2008). As can be seen: Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation. English for Specific Purposes, 27(1), 4–21.
Hyland, K. (2012). Bundles in academic discourse. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000037
Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (Kevin). (2018). Academic lexical bundles: How are they changing? International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 23(4), 383–407.
Jackson, H., & Stockwell, P. (2011). An introduction to the nature and functions of language. Continuum.
Jalali, Z. S., & Moini, M. R. (2014). Structure of lexical bundles in introduction section of medical research articles. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, 719–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.473
Kaur, A., Singh, S., & Ang, L. H. (2019). Lexical bundles in selected children’s fiction: A corpus-based analysis. Journal of Creative Practices in Language Learning and Teaching, 7(2), 12–28.
Kremmel, B., Brunfaut, T., & Alderson, J. C. (2015). Exploring the role of phraseological knowledge in foreign language reading. Applied Linguistics, amv070. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amv070
Kwary, D. A., Ratri, D., & Artha, A. F. (2017). Lexical bundles in journal articles across academic disciplines. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1).
Lou, X. (2012). Structural analysis of lexical bundles in EFL English majors’ theses of an ordinary normal university in China. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 1(6), 142–153.
Mei, W. S. (2006). Creating a contrastive rhetorical stance: Investigating the strategy of problematization in students’ argumentation. RELC Journal, 37(3), 329–353.
Meunier, F. (2012). Formulaic language and language teaching. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190512000128
Nasrabady, P., Elahi Shirvan, M., & Ehsan Golparvar, S. (2020). Exploring lexical bundles in recent published papers in the field of applied linguistics. Journal of World Languages, 6(3), 175–197.
Navarro Gil, N., & MartÃnez Caro, E. (2019). Lexical bundles in learner and expert academic writing. Bellaterra Journal of Teaching & Learning Language & Literature, 12(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/jtl3.794
Oktavianti, I. N., & Adnan, A. (2020). A corpus study of verbs in opinion articles of The Jakarta Post and the relation with text characteristics. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 3(2), 108.
Oktavianti, I. N., & Ardianti, N. R. (2019). A corpus-based analysis of verbs in news section of The Jakarta Post: How frequency is related to text characteristics. JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics & Literature), 4(2), 203–214.
Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2014). Longman academic writing series: Essays. Pearson Education.
Pan, F., Reppen, R., & Biber, D. (2016). Comparing patterns of L1 versus L2 English academic professionals: Lexical bundles in Telecommunications research journals. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 21, 60–71.
Paquot, M., & Granger, S. (2012). Formulaic language in learner corpora. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 130–149.
Parkinson, J., & Musgrave, J. (2014). Development of noun phrase complexity in the writing of English for Academic Purposes students. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 14, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2013.12.001
Samodra, M. C., & Pratiwi, V. D. R. (2018). Lexical bundles in Indonesian and English undergraduate thesis abstracts. Proceedings of the Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018). Fourth Prasasti International Seminar on Linguistics (Prasasti 2018), Surakarta, Indonesia.
Shin, Y. K. (2018). Lexical bundles in argumentative essays by native and nonnative English-speaking novice academic writers [Ph.D. Dissertation]. Georgia State University.
Simpson-Vlach, R., & Ellis, N. C. (2010). An Academic Formulas List: New methods in phraseology research. Applied Linguistics, 31(4), 487–512.
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance, collocation. Oxford University Press.
Staples, S., Egbert, J., Biber, D., & McClair, A. (2013). Formulaic sequences and EAP writing development: Lexical bundles in the TOEFL iBT writing section. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12(3), 214–225.
Szudarski, P. (2017). Corpus linguistics for vocabulary: A guide for research (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315107769
Ulfa, N., & Muthalib, K. A. (2020). Lexical bundles in students’ essay writing. English Education Journal, 11(3), 367–379.
Wachidah, W. D. N. A., Fitriati, S. W., & Widhiyanto, W. (2020). Structures and functions of lexical bundles in findings and discussion sections of graduate students’ thesis. English Education Journal, 10(2), 131–142.
Wingate, U. (2012). ‘Argument!’ helping students understand what essay writing is about. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 11(2), 145–154.
Wood, D. (2015). Fundamentals of formulaic language: An introduction. Bloomsbury Academic.
Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic language and the lexicon. Cambridge University Press.
Wray, A., & Perkins, M. R. (2000). The functions of formulaic language: An integrated model. Language & Communication, 20(1), 1–28.
Wright, H. R. (2019). Lexical bundles in stand-alone literature reviews: Sections, frequencies, and functions. English for Specific Purposes, 54, 1–14.
Yang, Y. (2017). Lexical bundles in argumentative and narrative writings by Chinese EFL learners. International Journal of English Linguistics, 7(3), 58.
Zipf, G. (1949). Human behaviour and the principle of least effort. Addison-Wesley Press, Inc.
Published
2021-11-25
How to Cite
Oktavianti, I., & Sarage, J. (2021). Lexical Bundles in Students’ Argumentative Essays: A Study of Learner Corpus. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 6(2), 509-534. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v6i2.421
Section
Articles
