Crosslinguistic Influence in Learning Thai as a Third Language: Perspectives of Indonesian Ph.D. Candidates in Thailand
Keywords:
Crosslinguistic influence, educational background, Indonesian Ph.D. candidates, linguistic similarities, third language acquisition
Abstract
This study examines the perspectives of Indonesian Ph.D. candidates in Thailand on the similarities and differences among Indonesian, English, and Thai languages, as well as the influence of Indonesian and English on learning Thai as a third language. A qualitative method with a phenomenological approach was used to analyze data gathered from four Indonesian Ph.D. candidates from different majors. The study found that there are several linguistic features shared between Indonesian, English, and Thai languages, including pronunciation, English loanwords, basic sentence structure, word order, and honorific terms and formality. These linguistic similarities facilitated the participants' learning of the Thai language as a third language. Moreover, the findings revealed that the participants' educational background played a significant role in the positive language transfer from their first and second languages to Thai. The study recommends that language educators and policymakers should acknowledge the importance of educational background in facilitating positive language transfer in third language acquisition. Furthermore, language programs should be designed to encourage multilingualism and code-switching in the classroom to promote students' linguistic awareness and proficiency. Additionally, language learners could benefit from opportunities to interact with native speakers and practice their language skills in real-world settings.
References
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Bensalem, E., & Thompson, A. (2022). Multilingual effects on EFL learning: a comparison of. Foreign language anxiety and self-confidence experienced by bilingual and multilingual tertiary students. Int. J. Biling. Educ. Biling. 39, 1–15.
Carvalho, A. M., & da Silva, A. J. B. (2006). Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: The case of Spanish–English bilinguals’ acquisition of Portuguese. Foreign Language Annals, 39,185–202.
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Cohen, L., Manion. L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. Routledge.
Cook, V. (1992). Evidence for multi-competence. Language Learning 42 (4), 557-591
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Grohmann, K. K., & Kambanaros, M. (2016). The gradience of bilingualism in typical and impaired language development: Positioning bimetallism within comparative bilingualism. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 37. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00037
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Jessner, U., & Allgäuer-Hackl, E. (2022). Metacognition in multilingual learning and teaching: Multilingual awareness as a central subcomponent of metacognition in research and practice. AILA Review, 35(1), 12-37.
Kellerman, E. (1983). Now you see it, now you don’t. In S. M. Gass & L. Selinker (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp. 112-134). Newbury House Publishers, Inc.
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Khanittanan, W. (2001). Khmero-Thai: The great change in the history of the Thai language of the Chao Phraya Basin. Phasa lae phasasat [Journal of Language and Linguistics], 19(2), 35-50.
Kharkhuriu, A. (2012). Multilingualism and creativity. Multilingual Matter
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Lakshmanan, U., & Selinker, L. (2001). Analyzing interlanguage: How do we know what learners know?. Second Language Research, 17, 393–420.
Masfufah, N. (2018). Analisis Kontrastif Fonem Vokal dan Konsonan Bahasa Indonesia dengan Bahasa Benuaq, LOA: Jurnal Ketatabahasaan dan Kesusastraan Vol. 13, Nomor 2, 108-119. https://doi.org/10.26499/loa.v13i2.1669.
McBride, W. L. (1979). On Introducing Phenomenology: An Evaluation of Some Texts. Human Studies, 2(1): 259–278.
Musk, N. (2010). The vowels & consonants of English. Retrieved from https://old.liu.se/ikk/english/files/CourseWebpages/english3/1.206147/CompendiumVowelsConsonantsofEnglish.pd
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Niño-Murcia, M., & Rothman, J. (2008). Spanish contact bilingualism and identity. In M. Niño Murcia & J. Rothman (Eds.), Bilingualism and Identity: Spanish at the crossroads with other languages (pp. 11–32). John Benjamins.
Odlin, T. (1989). Language transfer. Cambridge University Press.
Pawestri, N. (2018). Comparatives Study of Kinship Terms in Thai, Vietnamese, and Indonesian Language. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social Sciences, Laws, Arts and Humanities (BINUS-JIC 2018). 211-215. DOI: 10.5220/0010005200002917
Peric, B., & Novak Mijic, S. (2017). Cross-linguistic influences in third language acquisition (Spanish) and the relationship between language proficiency and types of lexical errors. Croatian Journal of Education: Hrvatski časopis za odgoj i obrazovanje, 19, 91–107.
Punch, K. F. (2005). Introduction to social research; quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage.
Schepens, J., van der Slik, F., & van Hout, R. (2016). L1 and L2 distance effects in learning L3 Dutch. Language Learning, 66(1), 224–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12150.
Sohn, B. K., Thomas, S. P., Greenberg, K. H., & Pollio, H. R. (2017). Hearing the voices of students and teachers: A phenomenological approach to educational research. Qualitative Research in Education, 6(2), 121–148. https://doi.org/10.17583/qre.2017.2374
Sneddon, J. (2003). The Indonesian Language, its History and Role in Modern Society. NSW Press.
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Sage Publication.
van Manen, M., (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Althouse Press.
Wang, T. (2013). Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Factors Influencing Interlanguage Transfer. Teachers College, Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, 13(2), 99-114. Retrieved from http://tesol-dev.journals.cdrs.columbia.edu
Welton, D. (1983). The Origins of Meaning: A Critical Study of the Thresholds of Husserlian
Phenomenology. Kluwer.
Williams, S., & Hammarberg, B. (1998). Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model. Applied Linguistics, 19 (3), 295-333.
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Ashgar, R., & Sorensen, K. (2006). Introduction to Research in Education. (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Bagchi, U., & Reddy, K. J. (2022). Challenges of Treatin g Bilingual and Multilingual Stuttering. Journal of Patient Experience, 9, 1-3.
Bardel, C., & C. Lindqvist. (2007). The Role of Proficiency and Psychotypology in Lexical Cross-Linguistic Influence. A Study of a Multilingual Learner of Italian L3. In Att’ delVI Congresso do Studi Dell’Assoc’az’one Italiana di Linguistica Applicata, Napoli, 9-10 Febbrario 2006, edited by M. Chini, P. Desideri, M. E. Favilla, and G. Pallotti, 123–145. Perugia: Guerra Editore.
Bardel, C & Falk Y (2007) The role of the second language in third language acquisition: The case of Germanic syntax. Second Language Research 23: 459–84.
Baugh, A. C., & Cable, T. (1978). A history of the English language (3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Baumgart, C. Q., & Billick, S. B. (2018). Positive cognitive effects of bilingualism and multilingualism on cerebral function: A review. Psychiatric Quarterly, 89: 273–283.
Benedict, Paul K. (1942). Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A new alignment in South-eastern Asia. American Anthropologist, 44, 576-601.
Bensalem, E., & Thompson, A. (2022). Multilingual effects on EFL learning: a comparison of. Foreign language anxiety and self-confidence experienced by bilingual and multilingual tertiary students. Int. J. Biling. Educ. Biling. 39, 1–15.
Carvalho, A. M., & da Silva, A. J. B. (2006). Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: The case of Spanish–English bilinguals’ acquisition of Portuguese. Foreign Language Annals, 39,185–202.
Cenoz, J. (1997). The influence of bilingualism on multilingual acquisition: Some data from the Basque Country. In Simposio Internacional sobre o Bilingüismo: Comunidades e individuos bilingües, Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, 278–287.
Chibaka, E. F. (2018). Advantages of bilingualism and multilingualism: multidimensional research findings. Multilingualism and Bilingualism. Tech. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74625.
Cohen, L., Manion. L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. Routledge.
Cook, V. (1992). Evidence for multi-competence. Language Learning 42 (4), 557-591
De Angelis, G. (2007). Third or additional language acquisition. Multilingual Matters.
Dewaele, J.-M. (2015). Bilingualism and multilingualism. K. Tracy, C. Ilie, & T. Sandel (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of Language and social interaction, (pp. 1–11). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367854850-2
Endarto, I. T. (2015). Comparison between English loanwords in Thai and Indonesian: A comparative study in phonology and morphology. Paper presented at the ASEAN/Asian Academic Society International Conference Proceeding Series.
Enfield, N. J. (2002). How to define “Lao,” “Thai” and “Isan” languages? A view from linguistic science. Tai Culture,7(1), 62–67.
Grosjean, F. (2001). The bilingual’s language modes. J. Nicol (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 1–22). Blackwell.
Grohmann, K. K., & Kambanaros, M. (2016). The gradience of bilingualism in typical and impaired language development: Positioning bimetallism within comparative bilingualism. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 37. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00037
Henriksson, C., & Saevi, T. (2009). ‘‘An event in sound’’. Considerations on the ethical-aesthetic traits of the hermeneutic phenomenological text. Phenomenology & amp; Practice, 3(1), 35–58.
Herwig, A. (2001). Plurilingual lexical organization: Evidence from lexical processing in L1-L2-L3-L4 translation. Cenoz et al. (eds.) (2001c), 115–37.
Jessner, U., & Allgäuer-Hackl, E. (2022). Metacognition in multilingual learning and teaching: Multilingual awareness as a central subcomponent of metacognition in research and practice. AILA Review, 35(1), 12-37.
Kellerman, E. (1983). Now you see it, now you don’t. In S. M. Gass & L. Selinker (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp. 112-134). Newbury House Publishers, Inc.
Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. (3rd ed.). SAGE.
Karoonboonyanan, T. (1999). Standardization and implementations of Thai language. National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, National Science and Technology.
Khanittanan, W. (2001). Khmero-Thai: The great change in the history of the Thai language of the Chao Phraya Basin. Phasa lae phasasat [Journal of Language and Linguistics], 19(2), 35-50.
Kharkhuriu, A. (2012). Multilingualism and creativity. Multilingual Matter
Lago, S., Mosca, M., & Stutter Garcia, A. (2021). The role of crosslinguistic influence in multilingual processing: Lexicon versus syntax. Language Learning, 71(S1), 163–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12412.
Lakshmanan, U., & Selinker, L. (2001). Analyzing interlanguage: How do we know what learners know?. Second Language Research, 17, 393–420.
Masfufah, N. (2018). Analisis Kontrastif Fonem Vokal dan Konsonan Bahasa Indonesia dengan Bahasa Benuaq, LOA: Jurnal Ketatabahasaan dan Kesusastraan Vol. 13, Nomor 2, 108-119. https://doi.org/10.26499/loa.v13i2.1669.
McBride, W. L. (1979). On Introducing Phenomenology: An Evaluation of Some Texts. Human Studies, 2(1): 259–278.
Musk, N. (2010). The vowels & consonants of English. Retrieved from https://old.liu.se/ikk/english/files/CourseWebpages/english3/1.206147/CompendiumVowelsConsonantsofEnglish.pd
Murphy, S. 2003. Second Language Transfer During Third Language Acquisition. Working Papers in TESOL and Applied Linguistics, 3/2.
Niño-Murcia, M., & Rothman, J. (2008). Spanish contact bilingualism and identity. In M. Niño Murcia & J. Rothman (Eds.), Bilingualism and Identity: Spanish at the crossroads with other languages (pp. 11–32). John Benjamins.
Odlin, T. (1989). Language transfer. Cambridge University Press.
Pawestri, N. (2018). Comparatives Study of Kinship Terms in Thai, Vietnamese, and Indonesian Language. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Social Sciences, Laws, Arts and Humanities (BINUS-JIC 2018). 211-215. DOI: 10.5220/0010005200002917
Peric, B., & Novak Mijic, S. (2017). Cross-linguistic influences in third language acquisition (Spanish) and the relationship between language proficiency and types of lexical errors. Croatian Journal of Education: Hrvatski časopis za odgoj i obrazovanje, 19, 91–107.
Punch, K. F. (2005). Introduction to social research; quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage.
Schepens, J., van der Slik, F., & van Hout, R. (2016). L1 and L2 distance effects in learning L3 Dutch. Language Learning, 66(1), 224–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12150.
Sohn, B. K., Thomas, S. P., Greenberg, K. H., & Pollio, H. R. (2017). Hearing the voices of students and teachers: A phenomenological approach to educational research. Qualitative Research in Education, 6(2), 121–148. https://doi.org/10.17583/qre.2017.2374
Sneddon, J. (2003). The Indonesian Language, its History and Role in Modern Society. NSW Press.
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Sage Publication.
van Manen, M., (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Althouse Press.
Wang, T. (2013). Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Factors Influencing Interlanguage Transfer. Teachers College, Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, 13(2), 99-114. Retrieved from http://tesol-dev.journals.cdrs.columbia.edu
Welton, D. (1983). The Origins of Meaning: A Critical Study of the Thresholds of Husserlian
Phenomenology. Kluwer.
Williams, S., & Hammarberg, B. (1998). Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model. Applied Linguistics, 19 (3), 295-333.
Published
2023-05-01
How to Cite
Haryadi, D. (2023). Crosslinguistic Influence in Learning Thai as a Third Language: Perspectives of Indonesian Ph.D. Candidates in Thailand. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 8(1), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v8i1.582
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Articles
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