The Dimension of Discourse in English Class of Higher Education
Keywords:
Classroom Discourse Analysis, Classroom Interaction, Dimensions of Discourse
Abstract
The research aims to describe the dimension of discourse and identity of English lecturers. This research is conducted with a qualitative approach and content analysis method. The data source is recordings of classroom interaction of English lecturers. The data are analyzed using the classroom discourse framework of Betsy Rhymes which focuses on dimensions, namely social context, interactional context, and individual agency. These dimensions are analyzed through the source of turn takings, contextualization clues, narration, and framing. The result shows that in social context, the lecturers negotiate the interaction by giving more turns to the students, applying all the contextualization clues to accompany the utterance and supporting the interaction with narration and frame all to support students’ contribution. In interactional context, the lecturers include the experience of the students in all sources and use vernacular language. In individual agency, the lecturers include all students in a challenging and inclusive activity. The conclusion of the research is that the interaction in the classroom discourse dimension is influenced by the standard of education and the condition of students who lack confidence to speak English as the social context which influences the use of language in the class. However, the personal control of the lecturers to achieve the standard of education makes him/her manage the language use to provide context of interaction in order to make the students contribute to the interaction.References
Behnam, B., & Pouriran, Y. (2009). Classroom discourse : analyzing teacher / learner interactions in iranian efl task- based classrooms. Porta Linguarum, 12(junio), 117–132.
BSNP. (2010). Paradigma Pendidikan Nasional Abad XXI. 1–59.
Bukhari, N. H. S., & Xiaoyang, W. (2013). Critical discourse analysis and educational research. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME), 3(1), 09–17. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0310917
Bulent, D., Erdal, B., Ceyda, A., Betul, T., Nurgul, C., & Cevahir, D. (2016). An analysis of teachers questioning strategies. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(22), 2065–2078. https://doi.org/10.5897/err2016.3014
David, N. (Ed.). (2003). Practical English language teaching. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Di, Z. (2014). The non-verbal communication in english classroom teaching. (January 2014). https://doi.org/10.2991/iemb-14.2014.123
Domalewska, D. (2015). Classroom discourse analysis in EFL elementary lessons. International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics, 1, No.1(March), 6–9. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJLLL.2015.V1.2
Edwards, A. D., & Westgate, D. P. G. (2005). Investigating classroom talk (Second). London: Taylor & Francis e-library.
Gee, J. P. (2005). An introduction to discourse analysis (Second). London: Routledge.
Granados, J. (2010). The challenges of higher education in the 21st century - Global University Network for Innovation. (April 2011). Retrieved from www.guninetwork.org/resources/he-articles/the-challenges-of-higher-education-in-the-21st-century
Hall, G. (2011). Exploring English language teaching: Language in action. London: Routledge
Hamzah, H. (2019). Structure of Classroom Discourse Produced by English Teachers of Different Experience to Different Level of Proficiency Group. 276(Icoelt 2018), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.2991/icoelt-18.2019.5
Hyland, K. (2009). Academic discourse: English in a global context. London: Continuum
Johnstone, B. (2008). Discourse analysis (Second). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Kalantari, R. (2009). Techniques for classroom interaction. International Journal of Language Studies, 3(4), 425–434.
Kromka, S. M., & Goodboy, A. K. (2019). Classroom storytelling: using instructor narratives to increase student recall, affect, and attention. Communication Education, 68(1), 20–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2018.1529330
Lazrak, M., & Yechouti, Y. (2017). Issues in Moroccan Higher Education. International Journal of English & Translation Studies, 5(2), 86–93.
Muchemwa, S. (2013). Use of Nonverbal Communication in the Classroom as a Way of Enhancing Classroom Teaching: A Case Study of Solusi High School, Zimbabwe. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103(November 2013), 1279–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.457
Mustapha, S. M. (2010). Understanding Classroom Interaction : A Case Study of International Students ’ Classroom Participation at one of the colleges in Malaysia. International Journal for the Advancement of Sceince and Arts, 1(2), 91–99.
Nomlomo, V. (2011). Classroom interaction: Turn-taking as a pedagogical strategy. Per Linguam, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5785/26-2-21
Prasetyo, R. Iguh; Mulyani, M. (2018). Teacher’s directives speech actsin teaching-learning interactions:classroom discourse analysis. Seloka, 7(3), 213--221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294 /seloka.v7i3.26607
Ramsden, P. (2003). Learning to teach in higher education (second). New York: RoutledgeFarmer https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079312331382498
Rashidi, N., & Rafieerad, M. (2010). Analyzing patterns of classroom interaction in EFL classrooms in Iran. Journal of Asia TEFL, 7(3), 93–120.
Rennie Center for Education Research & Policy. (2019). Student Voice: How Young People Can Shape the Future of Education.
Rodrigues, A. L. V., Medeiros, A. M. de, & Teixeira, L. C. (2016). Impact of the teacher’s voice in the classroom: a literature review. Distúrb Comun, 29(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-2724.2017v29i1p2-9
Rymes, B. (2008). Classroom discourse analysis : A tool for critical reflection. New Jersey: Hampton Press
Sadeghi, S., Ketabi, S., Tavakoli, M., & Sadeghi, M. (2012). Application of critical classroom discourse analysis (CCDA) in analyzing classroom interaction. English Language Teaching, 5(1), 166–173. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v5n1p166
Sahinkarakas, S., Inozu, J., & Yumru, H. (2010). The influence of higher education experiences on ELT students’ learning outcomes. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4183–4188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.661
Shamsipour, A., & Allami, H. (2012). Teacher Talk and Learner Involvement in EFL Classroom: The Case of Iranian Setting. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(11), 2262–2268. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.11.2262-2268
Walsh, S. (2006). Investigating classroom discourse. London: Routledge
Walsh, S. (2011). Exploring classroom discourse. London: Routledge.
Wasi’ah, N. (2016). a Study of Teacher Talk in Classroom Interaction At an Islamic Senior High School. OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 10(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v10i1.809
Yu, W. (2010). An Analysis of College English Classroom Questioning. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(2), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.2.136-144
BSNP. (2010). Paradigma Pendidikan Nasional Abad XXI. 1–59.
Bukhari, N. H. S., & Xiaoyang, W. (2013). Critical discourse analysis and educational research. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME), 3(1), 09–17. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0310917
Bulent, D., Erdal, B., Ceyda, A., Betul, T., Nurgul, C., & Cevahir, D. (2016). An analysis of teachers questioning strategies. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(22), 2065–2078. https://doi.org/10.5897/err2016.3014
David, N. (Ed.). (2003). Practical English language teaching. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Di, Z. (2014). The non-verbal communication in english classroom teaching. (January 2014). https://doi.org/10.2991/iemb-14.2014.123
Domalewska, D. (2015). Classroom discourse analysis in EFL elementary lessons. International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics, 1, No.1(March), 6–9. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJLLL.2015.V1.2
Edwards, A. D., & Westgate, D. P. G. (2005). Investigating classroom talk (Second). London: Taylor & Francis e-library.
Gee, J. P. (2005). An introduction to discourse analysis (Second). London: Routledge.
Granados, J. (2010). The challenges of higher education in the 21st century - Global University Network for Innovation. (April 2011). Retrieved from www.guninetwork.org/resources/he-articles/the-challenges-of-higher-education-in-the-21st-century
Hall, G. (2011). Exploring English language teaching: Language in action. London: Routledge
Hamzah, H. (2019). Structure of Classroom Discourse Produced by English Teachers of Different Experience to Different Level of Proficiency Group. 276(Icoelt 2018), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.2991/icoelt-18.2019.5
Hyland, K. (2009). Academic discourse: English in a global context. London: Continuum
Johnstone, B. (2008). Discourse analysis (Second). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Kalantari, R. (2009). Techniques for classroom interaction. International Journal of Language Studies, 3(4), 425–434.
Kromka, S. M., & Goodboy, A. K. (2019). Classroom storytelling: using instructor narratives to increase student recall, affect, and attention. Communication Education, 68(1), 20–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2018.1529330
Lazrak, M., & Yechouti, Y. (2017). Issues in Moroccan Higher Education. International Journal of English & Translation Studies, 5(2), 86–93.
Muchemwa, S. (2013). Use of Nonverbal Communication in the Classroom as a Way of Enhancing Classroom Teaching: A Case Study of Solusi High School, Zimbabwe. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103(November 2013), 1279–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.457
Mustapha, S. M. (2010). Understanding Classroom Interaction : A Case Study of International Students ’ Classroom Participation at one of the colleges in Malaysia. International Journal for the Advancement of Sceince and Arts, 1(2), 91–99.
Nomlomo, V. (2011). Classroom interaction: Turn-taking as a pedagogical strategy. Per Linguam, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5785/26-2-21
Prasetyo, R. Iguh; Mulyani, M. (2018). Teacher’s directives speech actsin teaching-learning interactions:classroom discourse analysis. Seloka, 7(3), 213--221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294 /seloka.v7i3.26607
Ramsden, P. (2003). Learning to teach in higher education (second). New York: RoutledgeFarmer https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079312331382498
Rashidi, N., & Rafieerad, M. (2010). Analyzing patterns of classroom interaction in EFL classrooms in Iran. Journal of Asia TEFL, 7(3), 93–120.
Rennie Center for Education Research & Policy. (2019). Student Voice: How Young People Can Shape the Future of Education.
Rodrigues, A. L. V., Medeiros, A. M. de, & Teixeira, L. C. (2016). Impact of the teacher’s voice in the classroom: a literature review. Distúrb Comun, 29(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.23925/2176-2724.2017v29i1p2-9
Rymes, B. (2008). Classroom discourse analysis : A tool for critical reflection. New Jersey: Hampton Press
Sadeghi, S., Ketabi, S., Tavakoli, M., & Sadeghi, M. (2012). Application of critical classroom discourse analysis (CCDA) in analyzing classroom interaction. English Language Teaching, 5(1), 166–173. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v5n1p166
Sahinkarakas, S., Inozu, J., & Yumru, H. (2010). The influence of higher education experiences on ELT students’ learning outcomes. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 4183–4188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.661
Shamsipour, A., & Allami, H. (2012). Teacher Talk and Learner Involvement in EFL Classroom: The Case of Iranian Setting. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(11), 2262–2268. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.11.2262-2268
Walsh, S. (2006). Investigating classroom discourse. London: Routledge
Walsh, S. (2011). Exploring classroom discourse. London: Routledge.
Wasi’ah, N. (2016). a Study of Teacher Talk in Classroom Interaction At an Islamic Senior High School. OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 10(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v10i1.809
Yu, W. (2010). An Analysis of College English Classroom Questioning. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(2), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.2.136-144
Published
2020-05-29
How to Cite
Soraya, S. (2020). The Dimension of Discourse in English Class of Higher Education. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 5(1), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v5i1.242
Section
Articles
