Language Use on Social Media: Reflection on Verbal Behavior and Cultural Identities of State Islamic University Undergraduates
Keywords:
Critical discourse analysis, Social media, Verbal behaviour, Cultural identity, facebook
Abstract
This study aims to identify the verbal behavior characteristics of Islamic university students with the use of Facebook in order to determine the identity forms that become a representation of their language aspects. Qualitative method was applied to objectively describe the social practices, and the varying issues and objectives of linguistic features that are generated and interpreted in these discourses. The data was procured, by using content analysis and observation, from the discourses of students at State Islamic University Imam Bonjol in the form of Facebook status posts and comments written in Facebook groups. The analysis was conducted following Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis with a Critical Linguistics Approach. The results showed that the language features of the students contain some characteristics that appear in the form of abbreviations or acronyms, and the insertion of elements of foreign languages mostly dominated by features of Arabic. It was also found that the status and comments of the students focused on five dominant issues: religious, university, personal, social and cultural, and national issues. It was concluded that situational, institutional, and cultural contexts influenced the students’ production of particular discourse on Facebook. Features, issues, and discourse context identified through language used by the students had become one of many ways to recognize an Islamic university student. This ability to identify a particular student is due to the language used as a medium of communication to provide space for students to create, and directly or indirectly provide extensive information about the identity of the speakers.References
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Bouvier, G. (2015). What is a discourse approach to Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and other social media: connecting with other academic fields? Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 10(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2015.1042381
Bouvier, G., & Machin, D. (2018). Critical discourse analysis and the challenges and opportunities of social media. Review of Communication, 18(3), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2018.1479881
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Campbell, W. C., & Candidate, D. (2010). Applying Moral Development Literature And Ethical Theories To The Administration Of Taxes In Kosovo. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(7).
Carradini, S. (2018). An organizational structure of indie rock musicians as displayed by facebook usage. In Journal of Technical Writing and Communication (Vol. 48, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0047281616667677
Castles, S. (2003). Towards a Sociology of Forced Migration and Social Transformation. Sociology, Gender Studies and Cultural Studies, 37(1).
Daihani, D. U. (2017). Implementation of virtual corporation: The challenge of future business in Indonesia. 10th ISIEM, 277(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/277/1/012073
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Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen. (2008). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. McGraw Hill.
Gee, J. P. (2001). Reading as Situated Language: A Sociocognitive Perspective. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 44(8).
Hermida, A. (2012). Tweets and truth: Journalism as a discipline of collaborative verification. Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667269
Herring, S. C. (2004). Slouching toward the ordinary: Current trends in computer-mediated communication. New Media and Society, 6(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804039906
Hyland, K. (2002). Authority and invisibility: Authorial identity in academic writing. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(8).
Indria, V. P., Sumarsih, S., & Agustriana, N. (2017). Meningkatkan kemampuan Membaca Permulaan pada Anak Kelompok A PAUD Sambela Kota Bengkulu. Jurnal Ilmiah POTENSIA, 2(2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.33369/JIP.2.2.95-100
Ismail, I., Ramalingam, S., Azahan, A. H., & Khezrimotlagh, D. (2014). Relative Efficiency of Public Universities in Malaysia. Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1(11).
Kabilan, M. K., Ahmad, N., & Abidin, M. J. Z. (2010). Facebook: An online environment for learning of English in institutions of higher education? Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.07.003
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Karaoglan Yilmaz, F. G. (2019). Exploring the role of Facebook adoption and virtual environment loneliness on knowledge sharing behaviors in a Facebook learning community. Education and Information Technologies, 24(2), 1699–1714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-09854-3
Kennedy, G. (2014). An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. Routledge.
Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005
Kok, J. K., Lee, W. Y., & Chong, S. L. (2015). Facebook Community and Disclosure Behaviours. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(8), 691–694. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.541
Kovacevic, V., Spetic, M., & Pleslic, M. (2018). Language as a social phenomenon in a global context: Implications for teaching practice. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(3), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v5i3.3922
Kress, G. R. (2003). Literacy in the New Media Age. Psychology Press.
Lee, G., & Suzuki, A. (2020). Motivation for information exchange in a virtual community of practice: Evidence from a Facebook group for shrimp farmers. World Development, 125, 104698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104698
Lee, M. R., Yen, D. C., & Hsiao, C. Y. (2014). Understanding the perceived community value of Facebook users. Computers in Human Behavior, 35(February), 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.018
Lim, H. (2007). Peranan E-Learning Dalam Peningkatan Minat Dan Proses Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin: Studi Kasus Mahasiswa Sastra China Universitas Bina Nusantara. Jurnal LINGUA CULTURA, 1(2), 157–167.
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McEwan, B., Fletcher, J., Eden, J., & (Bryant) Sumner, E. (2014). Development and Validation of a Facebook Relational Maintenance Measure. Communication Methods and Measures, 8(4), 244–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2014.967844
Michele Zappavigna. (2012). Michele Zappavigna-Discourse of Twitter and Social Media_ How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web-Continuum (2012) (pp. 1–195).
Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Why do people use facebook? Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.007
Omar, K., Scheepers, H., & Stockdale, R. (2012). Adoption of social media in victorian local governments. ACIS 2012 : Proceedings of the 23rd Australasian Conference on Information Systems.
Parveen, F., Jaafar, N. I., & Ainin, S. (2015). Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.03.001
Paulussen, S., & Harder, R. A. (2014). Social Media References in Newspapers. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.894327
Peeters, W., & Pretorius, M. (2020). Facebook or fail-book: Exploring “community” in a virtual community of practice. ReCALL, 32(3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344020000099
Picard, R. G. (2014). Twilight or new dawn of journalism?: Evidence from the changing news ecosystem. Journalism Studies, 15(5), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.895530
Pietiläinen, A. K., Oliver, E., LeBrun, J., Varghese, G., & Diot, C. (2009). MobiClique: Middleware for mobile social networking. SIGCOMM 2009 - Proceedings of the 2009 SIGCOMM Conference and Co-Located Workshops, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Online Social Networks, WOSN 2009, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1145/1592665.1592678
Prasanti, D., & Indriani, S. S. (2017). Interaksi Sosial Anggota Komunitas LET’S HIJRAH dalam Media Sosial Group LINE. Jurnal The Messenger, 9(2), 143. https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v9i2.467
Puckett, A. (2013). Language and power. Talking Appalachian: Voice, Identity, and Community, 9780813141589, 141–161. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315549354-11
Rosmia, A. R., & Suziani, M. (2019). Digital Literacy in the Use of Technology-based Information System. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 214(Ices 2018), 11–13. https://doi.org/10.2991/ices-18.2019.3
Scherbak, N. F. (2018). Media discourse. In Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki (Vol. 6, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2018-1-12-16
Susilo, D., & Putranto, T. D. (2018). Indonesian Youth on Social Media: Study on Content Analysis. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 113(Sshr 2017), 94–97. https://doi.org/10.2991/sshr-17.2018.15
Tagg, J. (2009). The Disciplinary Frame: Photographic Truths and the Capture of Meaning. University of Minnesota Press.
Ubaidillah, M. (2016). Pengembangan LKPD Fisika Berbasis Problem Solving untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Proses Sains dan Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi. Jurnal EduFisika, 01(02), 9–20.
Van Dam, J. W., & Van De Velden, M. (2015). Online profiling and clustering of Facebook users. Decision Support Systems, 70(March), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2014.12.001
Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, L. T. (2012). A Review of Facebook Research in the Social Sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(3), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612442904
Yunus, M. M., & Salehi, H. (2012). The effectiveness of Facebook groups on Teaching and Improving Writing: Students’ perceptions. Journal of Education and Information Technologies, 1(6), 87–96.
Akhunjonov, U., Jing, Z., & Sotheara, H. (2016). Virtual Community Engagement on Facebook Brand Page inorgnic chemistry. Journal of International Business Research and Marketing, 2(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.17.3001
Aman, I., & Mustaffa, R. (2006). Classroom Discourse Of Malay Language Lesson: A Critical Analysis. E-BANGI : Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1), 1–24.
Andersen, M. L., & Taylor, H. F. (2007). Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society, Updated. Cengage Learning.
Anugerah, D. P., & Indriani, M. (2018). Data Protection in Financial Technology Services: Indonesian Legal Perspective. ICon-ITSD, 175(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012188
Baborska-Narozny, M., Stirling, E., & Stevenson, F. (2016). Exploring the relationship between a “Facebook group” and face-to-face interactions in “weak-tie” residential communities. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. https://doi.org/10.1145/2930971.2930989
Baron, N. S. (2005). Discourse Structures in Instant Messaging: The Case of Utterance Breaks. Discourse Structures in Instant Messaging: The Case of Utterance Breaks, 7(Im), 1–25.
Bouvier, G. (2015). What is a discourse approach to Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and other social media: connecting with other academic fields? Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 10(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2015.1042381
Bouvier, G., & Machin, D. (2018). Critical discourse analysis and the challenges and opportunities of social media. Review of Communication, 18(3), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2018.1479881
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Campbell, W. C., & Candidate, D. (2010). Applying Moral Development Literature And Ethical Theories To The Administration Of Taxes In Kosovo. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(7).
Carradini, S. (2018). An organizational structure of indie rock musicians as displayed by facebook usage. In Journal of Technical Writing and Communication (Vol. 48, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0047281616667677
Castles, S. (2003). Towards a Sociology of Forced Migration and Social Transformation. Sociology, Gender Studies and Cultural Studies, 37(1).
Daihani, D. U. (2017). Implementation of virtual corporation: The challenge of future business in Indonesia. 10th ISIEM, 277(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/277/1/012073
Djanggih, H., Thalib, H., Baharuddin, H., Qamar, N., & Ahmar, A. S. (2018). The Effectiveness of Law Enforcement on Child Protection for Cybercrime Victims in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1028(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1028/1/012192
Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P. (2011). Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(11), 631–635. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0318
Fahlevi, M., Saparudin, M., Maemunah, S., Irma, D., & Ekhsan, M. (2019). Cybercrime Business Digital in Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 125(201 9), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912521001
Fairclough, N. (2002). Critical Discourse Analysis. In A. McHoul & M. Rapley (Eds.), How to Analyze Talk in Institutional Settings: A Casebook of Methods. Continuum.
Fairclough, I., & Norman, F. (2013). Political Discourse Analysis: A Methods for Advanced Students. London: Routledge. In Journal of Language and Politics (Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 295–304).
Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis : the critical study of language / Norman Fairclough. In Critical discourse analysis : the critical study of language.
Fairclough, N. (2013a). Critical discourse analysis. The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203809068-8
Fairclough, N. (2013b). Critical discourse analysis and critical policy studies. Critical Policy Studies, 7(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2013.798239
Fairclough, N. (2013c). Critical discourse analysis the critical study of language, second edition. In Critical Discourse Analysis The Critical Study of Language, Second Edition. Longman. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315834368
Fairclough, N., & Fairclough, I. (2018). A procedural approach to ethical critique in CDA. Critical Discourse Studies, 15(2), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2018.1427121
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse Norman Flairclough. Google Books, 197. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Analysing_Discourse/V4SOkoy2vEIC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=norman+fairclough&printsec=frontcover
Fox, J., & Moreland, J. J. (2015). The dark side of social networking sites: An exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Computers in Human Behavior, 45(2015), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen. (2008). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. McGraw Hill.
Gee, J. P. (2001). Reading as Situated Language: A Sociocognitive Perspective. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 44(8).
Hermida, A. (2012). Tweets and truth: Journalism as a discipline of collaborative verification. Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 659–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667269
Herring, S. C. (2004). Slouching toward the ordinary: Current trends in computer-mediated communication. New Media and Society, 6(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804039906
Hyland, K. (2002). Authority and invisibility: Authorial identity in academic writing. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(8).
Indria, V. P., Sumarsih, S., & Agustriana, N. (2017). Meningkatkan kemampuan Membaca Permulaan pada Anak Kelompok A PAUD Sambela Kota Bengkulu. Jurnal Ilmiah POTENSIA, 2(2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.33369/JIP.2.2.95-100
Ismail, I., Ramalingam, S., Azahan, A. H., & Khezrimotlagh, D. (2014). Relative Efficiency of Public Universities in Malaysia. Scholars Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1(11).
Kabilan, M. K., Ahmad, N., & Abidin, M. J. Z. (2010). Facebook: An online environment for learning of English in institutions of higher education? Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.07.003
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Karaoglan Yilmaz, F. G. (2019). Exploring the role of Facebook adoption and virtual environment loneliness on knowledge sharing behaviors in a Facebook learning community. Education and Information Technologies, 24(2), 1699–1714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-09854-3
Kennedy, G. (2014). An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. Routledge.
Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005
Kok, J. K., Lee, W. Y., & Chong, S. L. (2015). Facebook Community and Disclosure Behaviours. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 5(8), 691–694. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.541
Kovacevic, V., Spetic, M., & Pleslic, M. (2018). Language as a social phenomenon in a global context: Implications for teaching practice. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(3), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v5i3.3922
Kress, G. R. (2003). Literacy in the New Media Age. Psychology Press.
Lee, G., & Suzuki, A. (2020). Motivation for information exchange in a virtual community of practice: Evidence from a Facebook group for shrimp farmers. World Development, 125, 104698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104698
Lee, M. R., Yen, D. C., & Hsiao, C. Y. (2014). Understanding the perceived community value of Facebook users. Computers in Human Behavior, 35(February), 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.018
Lim, H. (2007). Peranan E-Learning Dalam Peningkatan Minat Dan Proses Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin: Studi Kasus Mahasiswa Sastra China Universitas Bina Nusantara. Jurnal LINGUA CULTURA, 1(2), 157–167.
Lim, M. (2005). Islamic Radicalism and Anti Americanism in Indonesia: The Role of the Internet. In Islamic radicalism and anti-Americanism in Indonesia: The role of the Internet (Issue 18).
McEwan, B., Fletcher, J., Eden, J., & (Bryant) Sumner, E. (2014). Development and Validation of a Facebook Relational Maintenance Measure. Communication Methods and Measures, 8(4), 244–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2014.967844
Michele Zappavigna. (2012). Michele Zappavigna-Discourse of Twitter and Social Media_ How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web-Continuum (2012) (pp. 1–195).
Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Why do people use facebook? Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.007
Omar, K., Scheepers, H., & Stockdale, R. (2012). Adoption of social media in victorian local governments. ACIS 2012 : Proceedings of the 23rd Australasian Conference on Information Systems.
Parveen, F., Jaafar, N. I., & Ainin, S. (2015). Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.03.001
Paulussen, S., & Harder, R. A. (2014). Social Media References in Newspapers. Journalism Practice, 8(5), 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.894327
Peeters, W., & Pretorius, M. (2020). Facebook or fail-book: Exploring “community” in a virtual community of practice. ReCALL, 32(3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344020000099
Picard, R. G. (2014). Twilight or new dawn of journalism?: Evidence from the changing news ecosystem. Journalism Studies, 15(5), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.895530
Pietiläinen, A. K., Oliver, E., LeBrun, J., Varghese, G., & Diot, C. (2009). MobiClique: Middleware for mobile social networking. SIGCOMM 2009 - Proceedings of the 2009 SIGCOMM Conference and Co-Located Workshops, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Online Social Networks, WOSN 2009, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1145/1592665.1592678
Prasanti, D., & Indriani, S. S. (2017). Interaksi Sosial Anggota Komunitas LET’S HIJRAH dalam Media Sosial Group LINE. Jurnal The Messenger, 9(2), 143. https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v9i2.467
Puckett, A. (2013). Language and power. Talking Appalachian: Voice, Identity, and Community, 9780813141589, 141–161. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315549354-11
Rosmia, A. R., & Suziani, M. (2019). Digital Literacy in the Use of Technology-based Information System. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 214(Ices 2018), 11–13. https://doi.org/10.2991/ices-18.2019.3
Scherbak, N. F. (2018). Media discourse. In Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki (Vol. 6, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2018-1-12-16
Susilo, D., & Putranto, T. D. (2018). Indonesian Youth on Social Media: Study on Content Analysis. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 113(Sshr 2017), 94–97. https://doi.org/10.2991/sshr-17.2018.15
Tagg, J. (2009). The Disciplinary Frame: Photographic Truths and the Capture of Meaning. University of Minnesota Press.
Ubaidillah, M. (2016). Pengembangan LKPD Fisika Berbasis Problem Solving untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Proses Sains dan Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi. Jurnal EduFisika, 01(02), 9–20.
Van Dam, J. W., & Van De Velden, M. (2015). Online profiling and clustering of Facebook users. Decision Support Systems, 70(March), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2014.12.001
Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, L. T. (2012). A Review of Facebook Research in the Social Sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(3), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612442904
Yunus, M. M., & Salehi, H. (2012). The effectiveness of Facebook groups on Teaching and Improving Writing: Students’ perceptions. Journal of Education and Information Technologies, 1(6), 87–96.
Published
2022-06-03
How to Cite
Triana, H., Kustati, M., Revita, I., Peroddin, D., Faisol, Y., & Reflinaldi, R. (2022). Language Use on Social Media: Reflection on Verbal Behavior and Cultural Identities of State Islamic University Undergraduates. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 7(1), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v7i1.477
Section
Articles
