Language Varieties and Translanguaging Among Students of High Socio-Economic Status
Keywords:
Language Varieties, Social Economic Status, Translanguaging
Abstract
The social status of speakers often influences the use of their languages, which might also reflect their sociocultural identity. This article aims to reveal the language varieties used by students from high social economic status (SES) and the use of translanguaging types they perform during their interactions with different people in their surroundings. Adopting a mix of content analysis and case study design, this study used observation on five high school students from high socio-economic backgrounds and from different school settings in public and private schools. The selection of these students followed a snowball technique, in which the research setting gatekeepers chose the suitable participants. The employment of different translanguaging types was then calculated in a tabulation form to reveal a pattern. The results show that Indonesian was used as the high variety while Javanese, English, and Japanese were used as the low variety. Their use of languages also shows the elaborate code as high SES normally use and identify as high SES they have. On the other hand, the most widely use type of translanguaging by students is interlingual translanguaging, which shows the frequency of interaction with foreign languages. Likewise, the use of figurative language was used as intersemiotic translanguaging when they communicated at home. These results build on existing evidence of the similarities of the goals and the environment will affect how they do interaction. Students with high socio-economic tend to maintain their identity through interlingual translanguaging. Eventually, they can interact with other students with the same goals to blend their social class or backgrounds directly. Therefore, the use of a proper and correct multi-linguistic strategy needs to be introduced.
References
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Rahmansyah, A. W., & Pradana, G. W. (2020). Efektivitas Kebijakan Pahlawan Ekonomi Guna Menurunkan Tingkat Kemiskinan Di Kota Surabaya. Publika, 8(4).
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Simons, S. E. (1901). Social Assimilation I. American Journal of Sociology, 6(6), 790–822.
Surya, Y. W. I. (2006). The construction of cultural identity in local television stations’ programs in Indonesia. Media: Policies, Cultures and Futures in the Asia Pacific Region, November, 27–29.
Thariq, M., & Anshori, A. (2017). Komunikasi adaptasi mahasiswa indekos. Jurnal Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 1(2), 156–173.
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Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2021). An introduction to sociolinguistics. John Wiley & Sons.
Waters, M. C., & Jiménez, T. R. (2005). Assessing immigrant assimilation: New empirical and theoretical challenges. Annual Review of Sociology, 105–125.
Wei, L. (2011). Moment analysis and translanguaging space: Discursive construction of identities by multilingual Chinese youth in Britain. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(5), 1222–1235.
Widarti, T. (2010). Asimilasi sosial-budaya komunitas keturunan Arab di kelurahan condet Balekambang Jakarta Timur.
Wolfram, W., & Schilling, N. (2015). American English: dialects and variation. John Wiley & Sons.
Yohanna, A. (2020). The influence of social media on social interactions among students. Indonesian Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2), 34–48.
Zein, S. (2020). Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia. Routledge.
Zhou, M., & Cai, G. (2002). Chinese language media in the United States: Immigration and assimilation in American life. Qualitative Sociology, 25(3), 419–441.
Alba, R. (2004). Language assimilation today: Bilingualism persists more than in the past, but English still dominates. University of California-San Diego.
Alba, R., & Duyvendak, J. W. (2019). What about the mainstream? Assimilation in super-diverse times. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(1), 105–124.
Andriyanti, E. (2016). Multilingualism of high school students in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: the language shift and maintenance.
Anwar, L. A. N. (2021). The Role Of The Surabaya Javanese Dialect (Suroboyoan Dialect). Proceeding of Conference on English Language Teaching, Applied Linguistics, and Literature, 1, 125–132.
Arsad, S., Daryanto, A. O., Sari, L. A., Saputra, D. K., & Pratiwi, F. D. (2021). Community-based ecotourism and its impact on the social and economic conditions: A case study in Blekok, Situbondo regency, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management & Tourism, 12(3 (51)), 797–807.
Baynham, M., & Lee, T. K. (2019). Translation and translanguaging. Routledge.
Bernstein, B. (1964). Elaborated and restricted codes: Their social origins and some consequences. American Anthropologist, 66(6), 55–69.
Brown, B. A. (2004). Discursive identity: Assimilation into the culture of science and its implications for minority students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 41(8), 810–834.
Bucholtz, M., & Hall, K. (2004). Language and identity. A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, 1, 369–394.
Canagarajah, A. S., & Wurr, A. J. (2011). Multilingual communication and language acquisition: New research directions. The Reading Matrix, 11(1).
Carliner, G. (2000). The language ability of US immigrants: Assimilation and cohort effects. International Migration Review, 34(1), 158–182.
Cenoz, J. (2013). Defining multilingualism. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 33, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026719051300007X
Conteh, J. (2018). Translanguaging. ELT Journal, 72(4), 445–447.
Dewaele, J.-M., & Wei, L. (2014). Attitudes towards code-switching among adult mono-and multilingual language users. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3), 235–251.
Eick, C., & Valli, L. (2010). Teachers as cultural mediators: A comparison of the accountability era to the assimilation era. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 7(1), 54–77.
Eifring, H., & Theil, R. (2005). Linguistics for students of Asian and African languages. Unpublished Manuscript.
El Bolock, A., Khairy, I., Abdelrahman, Y., Vu, N. T., Herbert, C., & Abdennadher, S. (2020). Who, when and why: The 3 ws of code-switching. Highlights in Practical Applications of Agents, Multi-Agent Systems, and Trust-Worthiness. The PAAMS Collection: International Workshops of PAAMS 2020, L’Aquila, Italy, October 7–9, 2020, Proceedings 18, 83–94.
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4.
Ferezagia, D. V. (2018). Analisis tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Terapan, 1(1).
García, O. (2009). Education, multilingualism and translanguaging in the 21st century. In Social justice through multilingual education (pp. 140–158). Multilingual Matters.
García, O., Johnson, S. I., Seltzer, K., & Valdés, G. (2017). The translanguaging classroom: Leveraging student bilingualism for learning. Caslon Philadelphia, PA.
García, O., Woodley, H. H., Flores, N., & Chu, H. (2013). Latino emergent bilingual youth in high schools: Transcaring strategies for academic success. Urban Education, 48(6), 798–827.
Gibbs Jr, R. W., Leggitt, J. S., & Turner, E. A. (2002). What’s special about figurative language in emotional communication? In The verbal communication of emotions (pp. 133–158). Psychology Press.
Heugh, K., Harding-Esch, P., & Coleman, H. (2021). Southern multilingualisms, translanguaging and transknowledging in inclusive and sustainable education. Language and the Sustainable Development Goals, 37–47.
Holmes, J., & Wilson, N. (2017). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Routledge.
Jakobson, R. (2013). On linguistic aspects of translation. In On translation (pp. 232–239). Harvard University Press.
Jonnadi, A., Amar, S., & Aimon, H. (2012). Analisis pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kemiskinan di indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi, 1(1).
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. (2013). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan (Permendikbud) Nomor 69 Tahun 2013 Tentang Kerangka Dasar Dan Struktur Kurikulum Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah Aliyah. 15. https://biologi.fkip.uns.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/PDK-2013-69-Kerangka-Dasar-Kurikulum-Kompetensi-SMA.pdf
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications.
Legère, K., Holmes, J., & Legere, K. (1994). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. In Language (Vol. 70, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.2307/416511
Liando, N. V. F., Tatipang, D. P., & Lengkoan, F. (2022). A Study of Translanguaging Practices in EFL Classroom of Indonesian Context: A New Concept for Multilingualism. Research and Innovation in Language Learning, 5(2), 167–185. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/rill.v5i2.6986
Loughran, T., & McDonald, B. (2015). The use of word lists in textual analysis. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 16(1), 1–11.
Makalela, L. (2013). Translanguaging in kasi-taal: Rethinking old language boundaries for new language planning. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus, 42, 111–125.
Martin-Jones, M., Blackledge, A., & Creese, A. (2012). The Routledge handbook of multilingualism. Routledge.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Sage publications.
Nursanti, R. R. (2021). Classroom strategies through translanguaging for multilingualism students. English Learning Innovation (Englie), 2(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/englie.v2i1.14653
Poza, L. (2017). Translanguaging: Definitions, implications, and further needs in burgeoning inquiry. Berkeley Review of Education, 6(2), 101–128.
Rahmansyah, A. W., & Pradana, G. W. (2020). Efektivitas Kebijakan Pahlawan Ekonomi Guna Menurunkan Tingkat Kemiskinan Di Kota Surabaya. Publika, 8(4).
Rumbaut, R. G. (2015). Assimilation of immigrants. James D. Wright (Editor-in-Chief), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2, 81–87.
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2016). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology, second edition. In The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316219218
Santoso, W. (2020). Translanguaging Through The Lens of Ssociocultiral Approach: Students’ Attitudes and Practices. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.31571/bahasa.v9i1
Setiawan, S. (2013). Children’s language in a bilingual community in East Java. University of Western Australia.
Setiawan, S. (2020). Shifting from an ethnic language among younger generation in a metropolitan city in Indonesia. Asian ESP Journal, 16(2.1), 110–129.
Simons, S. E. (1901). Social Assimilation I. American Journal of Sociology, 6(6), 790–822.
Surya, Y. W. I. (2006). The construction of cultural identity in local television stations’ programs in Indonesia. Media: Policies, Cultures and Futures in the Asia Pacific Region, November, 27–29.
Thariq, M., & Anshori, A. (2017). Komunikasi adaptasi mahasiswa indekos. Jurnal Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 1(2), 156–173.
Thibodeau, P. H., Hendricks, R. K., & Boroditsky, L. (2017). How linguistic metaphor scaffolds reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(11), 852–863.
Vaish, V., & Lin, A. M. Y. (2020). Introduction: Translanguaging and translanguaging pedagogies. Translanguaging in Multilingual English Classrooms: An Asian Perspective and Contexts, 1–9.
Vogel, S., & García, O. (2017). Translanguaging. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education, Languages and Literacies. http://education.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264093-e-181
Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2021). An introduction to sociolinguistics. John Wiley & Sons.
Waters, M. C., & Jiménez, T. R. (2005). Assessing immigrant assimilation: New empirical and theoretical challenges. Annual Review of Sociology, 105–125.
Wei, L. (2011). Moment analysis and translanguaging space: Discursive construction of identities by multilingual Chinese youth in Britain. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(5), 1222–1235.
Widarti, T. (2010). Asimilasi sosial-budaya komunitas keturunan Arab di kelurahan condet Balekambang Jakarta Timur.
Wolfram, W., & Schilling, N. (2015). American English: dialects and variation. John Wiley & Sons.
Yohanna, A. (2020). The influence of social media on social interactions among students. Indonesian Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2), 34–48.
Zein, S. (2020). Language policy in superdiverse Indonesia. Routledge.
Zhou, M., & Cai, G. (2002). Chinese language media in the United States: Immigration and assimilation in American life. Qualitative Sociology, 25(3), 419–441.
Published
2023-05-01
How to Cite
Suwondo, A., Andriyanti, E., & Ashadi, A. (2023). Language Varieties and Translanguaging Among Students of High Socio-Economic Status. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 8(1), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v8i1.585
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