Exploring Negative Judgment Language in Indonesian Conversational Language on Facebook: An Appraisal Analysis
Keywords:
appraisal analysis, negative judgement, Indonesian social media, Facebook fan pages
Abstract
This research examines the use of negative judgment expressions within the framework of appraisal theory across four Facebook fan pages: Kata Kita (KK), Media Oposisi (MO), Mak Lambe Turah (LT), and Rakyat Oposisi (RO). The methods employed are discourse analysis and quantitative content analysis. Discourse analysis focusing on appraisal analysis is used to explore the evaluative language used in these social media accounts. Findings indicate a prevalent tendency for implicit judgment, with each clause element serving as a potential marker of negative judgment. In the dimension of Engagement, pronouncement expressions are not limited to reported speech; instead, they are often marked by specific lexical elements, including -lah, mah, -nih, -loh, among others. Furthermore, in terms of graduation, these pages employ pragmatic meaning repetition in addition to lexical and semantic repetition. These results suggest that Indonesian evaluative language possesses distinctive characteristics that diverge from English evaluative language, as outlined in Martin and White’s appraisal theory. Quantitative content analysis is used to examine the comparison of patterns or tendencies in the use of evaluative language across Facebook accounts. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of cultural distinctions in the evaluative language styles found in social media discourse.
References
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Lazzeretti, C. (2023). Exploring the use of emoji in museum social network sites. Discourse, Context & Media, 53, 100697. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2023.100697
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
Liardét, C. L., & Black, S. (2019). “So and so” says, states and argues: A corpus-assisted engagement analysis of reporting verbs. Journal of Second Language Writing, 44(February), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2019.02.001
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Luzón, M. J. (2023). Multimodal practices of research groups in Twitter: An analysis of stance and engagement. English for Specific Purposes, 70, 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2022.10.006
Marín-Arrese, J. I. (2021). Stance, emotion and persuasion: Terrorism and the Press. Journal of Pragmatics, 177, 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.01.022
Martin, JR., & Rose, D. (2003). Working with discourse. Continuum.?.
Martin. JR & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mintah, K. C. (2024). An appraisal study of Ghanaian media’s attitude towards Britain on the death and burial of Queen Elizabeth II. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 100911. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSAHO.2024.100911
Moyano, E. I. (2019). Knowledge construction in discussions of research articles in two disciplines in Spanish: The role of resources of appraisal. Journal of Pragmatics, 139, 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PRAGMA.2018.09.011
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Saeed, M. A., AbuSa’aleek, A., & Alharbi, M. A. (2024). Examining teacher’s evaluative language in written, audio and screencast feedback on EFL learners’ writing from the appraisal framework: A linguistic perspective. Assessing Writing, 61, 100871. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASW.2024.100871
Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438
Sekarsari, A. A. (2024). An Appraisal Analysis of Attitude in Joko Widodo’s ASEAN Summit Speeches. Veles Voice of English Language Education Society. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v8i1.24738
Sugiyono. (2019). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alphabet.
Suraiya, L. (2023). Attitudinal Stance Towards COVID-19 Pandemic: An Appraisal Analysis of the Jakarta Post Editorials. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v8isi16.5240
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Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Critical discourse analysis. Blackwell.
Wang, Y., & Wang, S. (2024). Short-video applications use and self-concept clarity among adolescents: The mediating roles of flow and social media self-expansion. Acta Psychologica, 249, 104469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104469
Widiatmika, P. W., Pastika, I. W., & Satyawati, M. S. (2024). Investigating the Genuineness of Suicide Notes in Social Media. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 9(May), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v9i1.727
Wijana, I. D. P. (2022). Discourse of Littering Prohibition in Indonesia. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 5(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v5i1.1-20
Wiratno, T. (2021). Pengantar ringkas linguistik sistemik fungsional (Cet. 2). Pustaka Pelajar.
Yang, N., Fernandez-Perez, A., & Indriawan, I. (2024). Spillover between investor sentiment and volatility: The role of social media. International Review of Financial Analysis, 96, 103643. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IRFA.2024.103643
Zhang, W., & Cheung, Y. L. (2023). The different ways to write publishable research articles: Using cluster analysis to uncover patterns of APPRAISAL in discussions across disciplines. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 63, 101231. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEAP.2023.101231
Biri, Y. (2023). Affective stance as positioning in an English-speaking online fan community. Journal of Pragmatics, 215, 70–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2023.07.004
Bleier, A., Fossen, B. L., & Shapira, M. (2024). On the role of social media platforms in the creator economy. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 41(3), 411–426. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2024.06.006
Boumechaal, S., & Sharoff, S. (2024). Attitudes, communicative functions, and lexicogrammatical features of anti-vaccine discourse on Telegram. Applied Corpus Linguistics, 4(2), 100095. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACORP.2024.100095
Cahyono, S. P. (2024). The Expression of Evaluation in “The Ultimate Guide to Must-Try Indonesian Food”: An Appraisal Analysis. Prosiding Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya (Kolita). https://doi.org/10.25170/kolita.22.5990
Cascini, F., Pantovic, A., Al-Ajlouni, Y. A., Failla, G., Puleo, V., Melnyk, A., Lontano, A., & Ricciardi, W. (2022). Social media and attitudes towards a COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review of the literature. EClinicalMedicine, 48, 101454. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101454
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage, Los Angeles.
Cunningham, K. J. (2019). How language choices in feedback change with technology: Engagement in text and screencast feedback on ESL writing. Computers and Education, 135(March), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.03.002
Dinamika, S. G. (2022). Appraising Students’ Attitude Towards Online Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic. Parole Journal of Linguistics and Education. https://doi.org/10.14710/parole.v12i1.15-24
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: the critical study of language. Longman.
Gandhi, A., Adhvaryu, K., Poria, S., Cambria, E., & Hussain, A. (2023). Multimodal sentiment analysis: A systematic review of history, datasets, multimodal fusion methods, applications, challenges and future directions. Information Fusion, 91, 424–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INFFUS.2022.09.025
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Edward Arnold.
Haryati, & Apriadi, D. (2023). Beauty Construction on Clean&Clear Foaming Face Wash Video Advertisement: A Semiotic Analysis. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 6(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v6i1.1-16
Hashemi, A., & Mahdavirad, F. (2023). A cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary, and cross-gender study on Appraisal resources in PhD dissertation abstracts: Martin & White’s (2005) Appraisal Theory in focus. Heliyon, 9(11), e22074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22074
Himmawati, D. R., Munandar, A., & Sajarwa, S. (2022). Inscribed Versus Invoked Attitudes: Appraisal Among Indonesian Teenagers in English Captions on Instagram. Parole Journal of Linguistics and Education. https://doi.org/10.14710/parole.v12i2.13-27
Hu, A., Yuan, R., Chen, R., & Liu, M. J. (2024). A glamorous but highly stressful job: The role of social media-afforded status in micro-celebrity stress coping. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 209, 123791. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2024.123791
Huang, Y. (2007). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
Hussain, K., Didarul Alam, M. M., Malik, A., Tarhini, A., & Al Balushi, M. K. (2024). From likes to luggage: The role of social media content in attracting tourists. Heliyon, 10(19), e38914. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2024.E38914
Jin, X., & Ruan, Z. (2023). University Students’ Perceptions of Their Lecturer’s Use of Evaluative Language in Oral Feedback. Linguistics and Education, 78, 101233. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LINGED.2023.101233
Kim, D., & Wang, Z. (2024). Social media influencer vs. virtual influencer: The mediating role of source credibility and authenticity in advertising effectiveness within AI influencer marketing. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 2(2), 100100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100100
Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. Arnold Publishers.
Lazzeretti, C. (2023). Exploring the use of emoji in museum social network sites. Discourse, Context & Media, 53, 100697. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2023.100697
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
Liardét, C. L., & Black, S. (2019). “So and so” says, states and argues: A corpus-assisted engagement analysis of reporting verbs. Journal of Second Language Writing, 44(February), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2019.02.001
Liu, W., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Literature citation and writer identity construction in linguistic academic discourse. Heliyon, 9(11), e22066. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22066
Luzón, M. J. (2023). Multimodal practices of research groups in Twitter: An analysis of stance and engagement. English for Specific Purposes, 70, 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2022.10.006
Marín-Arrese, J. I. (2021). Stance, emotion and persuasion: Terrorism and the Press. Journal of Pragmatics, 177, 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.01.022
Martin, JR., & Rose, D. (2003). Working with discourse. Continuum.?.
Martin. JR & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mintah, K. C. (2024). An appraisal study of Ghanaian media’s attitude towards Britain on the death and burial of Queen Elizabeth II. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 100911. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSAHO.2024.100911
Moyano, E. I. (2019). Knowledge construction in discussions of research articles in two disciplines in Spanish: The role of resources of appraisal. Journal of Pragmatics, 139, 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PRAGMA.2018.09.011
Page, R., & Hansson, S. (2024). Dialogic analysis of government social media communication: How commanding and thanking elicit blame. Discourse, Context & Media, 57, 100757. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100757
Risdianto, F., Nugroho, H. A., -, S., & Arkida, T. (2024). Realization of Appraisal and Ideology in Ferdy Sambo Case in Editorial Text of “Kasus Sambo Isih Dawa” and “Ganjaran Murwat Tumrap Kejujuran” in Panjebar Semangat Magazine. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 9(May), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v9i1.762
Saeed, M. A., AbuSa’aleek, A., & Alharbi, M. A. (2024). Examining teacher’s evaluative language in written, audio and screencast feedback on EFL learners’ writing from the appraisal framework: A linguistic perspective. Assessing Writing, 61, 100871. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ASW.2024.100871
Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438
Sekarsari, A. A. (2024). An Appraisal Analysis of Attitude in Joko Widodo’s ASEAN Summit Speeches. Veles Voice of English Language Education Society. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v8i1.24738
Sugiyono. (2019). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alphabet.
Suraiya, L. (2023). Attitudinal Stance Towards COVID-19 Pandemic: An Appraisal Analysis of the Jakarta Post Editorials. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v8isi16.5240
Tähtinen, T. (2024). When Facebook Is the Internet: The Role of Social Media in Ethnic Conflict. World Development, 180, 106633. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106633
Thi Uyen Nguyen, T., Van Nguyen, P., Thi Ngoc Huynh, H., Truong, G. Q., & Do, L. (2024). Unlocking e-government adoption: Exploring the role of perceived usefulness, ease of use, trust, and social media engagement in Vietnam. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(2), 100291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100291
Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Critical discourse analysis. Blackwell.
Wang, Y., & Wang, S. (2024). Short-video applications use and self-concept clarity among adolescents: The mediating roles of flow and social media self-expansion. Acta Psychologica, 249, 104469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104469
Widiatmika, P. W., Pastika, I. W., & Satyawati, M. S. (2024). Investigating the Genuineness of Suicide Notes in Social Media. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 9(May), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v9i1.727
Wijana, I. D. P. (2022). Discourse of Littering Prohibition in Indonesia. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 5(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v5i1.1-20
Wiratno, T. (2021). Pengantar ringkas linguistik sistemik fungsional (Cet. 2). Pustaka Pelajar.
Yang, N., Fernandez-Perez, A., & Indriawan, I. (2024). Spillover between investor sentiment and volatility: The role of social media. International Review of Financial Analysis, 96, 103643. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IRFA.2024.103643
Zhang, W., & Cheung, Y. L. (2023). The different ways to write publishable research articles: Using cluster analysis to uncover patterns of APPRAISAL in discussions across disciplines. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 63, 101231. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEAP.2023.101231
Published
2025-05-01
How to Cite
Haq, Z., & Rahyono, F. (2025). Exploring Negative Judgment Language in Indonesian Conversational Language on Facebook: An Appraisal Analysis. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 10(1), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v10i1.879
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